਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㠀㄀ 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

Roald Hoffmann

਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䔀瘀攀爀礀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀 椀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 圀漀漀搀眀愀爀搀ⴀ䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 爀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 刀漀戀攀爀琀 䈀甀爀渀猀 圀漀漀搀眀愀爀搀 ⠀㄀㤀㄀㜀ⴀ㄀㤀㜀㤀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 刀漀愀氀搀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀⸀ 䈀漀琀栀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀漀 眀椀渀 一漀戀攀氀 瀀爀椀稀攀猀ጀ圀漀漀搀眀愀爀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㔀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㠀㄀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 瀀爀椀稀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀椀渀最 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 椀渀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀椀渀最 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 戀礀 琀栀攀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀爀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 漀爀戀椀琀愀氀猀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 洀漀瘀攀⸀ 䤀渀 栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 栀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 愀爀攀愀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀猀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 栀椀猀 洀漀猀琀ⴀ挀椀琀攀搀 瀀愀瀀攀爀猀⸀

਀   刀漀愀氀搀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀攀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀 挀愀渀 猀攀攀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 戀漀漀欀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 䤀洀愀最椀渀攀搀㨀 刀攀昀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀渀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 樀漀椀渀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀爀琀椀猀琀 嘀椀瘀椀愀渀 吀漀爀爀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀猀 攀猀猀愀礀猀Ⰰ 瀀漀攀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 挀漀氀氀愀最攀猀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ 吀漀爀爀攀渀挀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀 瘀椀猀椀琀椀渀最 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀 愀琀 䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 椀渀 䤀琀栀愀挀愀Ⰰ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 椀猀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀爀 眀漀爀欀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀爀琀 最愀氀氀攀爀椀攀猀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀✀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀 眀漀爀琀栀眀栀椀氀攀Ⰰ 椀昀 甀渀攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 昀漀爀 瀀漀攀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀猀攀⸀

਀   䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 倀漀氀愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㜀Ⰰ 樀甀猀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀漀瘀椀攀琀 唀渀椀漀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㤀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㄀ 椀琀 眀愀猀 漀瘀攀爀爀甀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 一愀稀椀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 栀攀 眀愀猀 漀昀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀⸀ 䠀攀 攀洀椀最爀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 唀⸀匀⸀ 椀渀 ㄀㤀㐀㤀Ⰰ 猀攀琀琀氀攀搀 椀渀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 匀琀甀礀瘀攀猀愀渀琀 䠀椀最栀 匀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀椀愀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀 愀渀搀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㔀㠀⸀ 䠀椀猀 渀攀砀琀 猀琀漀瀀 眀愀猀 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀眀愀爀搀攀搀 愀渀 䴀⸀䄀⸀ 椀渀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀　 愀渀搀 愀 倀栀⸀䐀⸀ 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㈀Ⰰ 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀 䜀漀甀琀攀爀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䰀椀瀀猀挀漀洀戀⸀ 䠀椀猀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 愀瀀瀀氀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 漀爀戀椀琀愀氀猀 琀漀 瀀漀氀礀栀攀搀爀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀ 

਀   䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 愀琀 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀 愀猀 愀 䨀甀渀椀漀爀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀⸀ 䠀攀 洀攀琀 栀椀猀 眀椀昀攀 䔀瘀愀 愀琀 愀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 椀渀 匀眀攀搀攀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 栀愀搀 琀眀漀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀Ⰰ 䠀椀氀氀攀氀 愀渀搀 䤀渀最爀椀搀⸀ 䴀攀愀渀眀栀椀氀攀 栀攀 戀攀最愀渀 栀椀猀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 圀漀漀搀眀愀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀礀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀眀 戀攀愀爀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 甀瀀 椀渀 昀椀瘀攀 戀攀渀挀栀洀愀爀欀 瀀愀瀀攀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㔀 眀栀椀氀攀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 眀愀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 漀渀氀礀 ㈀㠀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 眀愀猀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 攀瘀攀爀礀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀✀猀 瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀⸀ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 琀栀攀渀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀 琀漀 栀椀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 瀀漀猀琀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㠀⸀

਀   䤀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㈀ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 眀愀猀 攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀眀漀 礀攀愀爀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 䨀漀栀渀 䄀⸀ 一攀眀洀愀渀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㠀㄀ 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀 眀漀渀 琀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 昀漀爀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 猀栀愀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䬀攀渀椀挀栀椀 䘀甀欀甀椀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 最愀瘀攀 栀椀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 䤀渀漀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀眀愀爀搀Ⰰ 愀琀琀攀猀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀愀渀 漀昀 䠀漀昀昀洀愀渀渀✀猀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀ጀ戀礀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 甀渀搀攀爀瀀椀渀猀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀Ⰰ 樀甀猀琀 愀猀 栀攀 栀愀搀 漀渀挀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀䤀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 愀 栀愀瀀瀀礀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 椀渀 搀愀爀欀 搀愀礀猀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ 伀渀 䨀甀氀礀 ㄀㠀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㜀  I was born to Clara (née Rosen) and Hillel Safran in Zloczow, Poland. This town, typical of the Pale of the Settlement, was part of Austria-Hungary when my parents were born. It was Poland in my time and is part of the Soviet Union now. I was named after Roald Amundsen, my first Scandinavian connection. My father was a civil engineer, educated at the Lvov (Lemberg) Polytechnic, my mother by training a school teacher.਀㰀瀀㸀 In 1939 the war began. Our part of Poland was under Russian occupation from 1939-1941. Then in 1941 darkness descended, and the annihilation of Polish Jewry began. We went to a ghetto, then a labor camp. My father smuggled my mother and me out of the camp in early 1943, and for the remainder of the war we were hidden by a good Ukrainian in the attic of a school house in a nearby village. My father remained behind in the camp. He organized a breakout attempt which was discovered. Hillel Safran was killed by the Nazis and their helpers in June 1943. Most of the rest of my family suffered a similar fate. My mother and I, and a handful of relatives, survived. We were freed by the Red Army in June 1944. At the end of 1944 we moved to Przemysl and then to Krakow, where I finally went to school. My mother remarried, and Paul Hoffmann was a kind and gentle father to me until his death, two months prior to the Nobel Prize announcement.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1946 we left Poland for Czechoslovakia. From there we moved to a displaced persons' camp, Bindermichl, near Linz, in Austria. In 1947 we went on to another camp in Wasseralfingen bei Aalen in Germany, then to München. On Washington's Birthday 1949 we came to the United States.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 I learned English, my sixth language at this point, quite quickly. After P.S. 93 and P.S. 16, Brooklyn, I went on to the great Stuyvesant High School, one of New York's selective science schools. Among my classmates were not only future scientists but lawyers, historians, writers - a remarkable group of boys. In the summers I went to Camp Juvenile in the Catskills, a formative experience. Elinor, my younger sister, was born in 1954.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1955 I began at Columbia College as a premedical student. That summer and the next I worked at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington with E.S. Newman and R.E. Ferguson. The summer after I worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory, with J.P. Cumming. These summers were important because they introduced me to the joys of research, and kept me going through some routine courses at Columbia. I did have some good chemistry teachers, G.K. Fracnkel and R.S. Halford, and a superb teaching assistant, R. Schneider. But I must say that the world that opened up before me in my non science courses is what I remember best from my Columbia days. I almost switched to art history.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1958 I began graduate work at Harvard. I intended to work with W.E. Moffitt, a remarkable young theoretician, but he died in my first year there. A young instructor, M.P. Gouterman, was one of the few faculty members at Harvard who at that time was interested in doing theoretical work, and I began research with him. In the summer of 1959 I got a scholarship from P.O. Lowdin's Quantum Chemistry Group at Uppsala to attend a Summer School. The school was held on Lidingö, an island outside of Stockholm. I met Eva Börjesson who had a summer job as a receptionist at the school, and we were married the following year.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 I came back to Harvard, began some abortive (and explosive) experimental work, and Eva and I took off for a year to the Soviet Union. It was the second year of the U.S.-U.S.S.R graduate student exchange. I worked for 9 months at Moscow University with A.S. Davydov on excitor theory. Eva and I lived in one of the wings, Zona E, of that great central building of Moscow University. My proficiency in Russian and interest in Russian culture date from that time.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 On returning to the U.S. I switched research advisors and started to work with W.N. Lipscomb, who had just come to Harvard. Computers were just coming into use. With Lipscomb's encouragement and ebullient guidance, L.L. Lohr and I programmed what was eventually called the extended Hückel method. I applied it to boron hydrides and polyhedral molecules in general. One day I discovered that one could get the barrier to internal rotation in ethane approximately right using this method. This was the beginning of my work on organic molecules.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1962 I received my doctorate, as the first Harvard Ph.D. of both Lipscomb and Gouterman. Several academic jobs were available, and I was also offered a Junior Fellowship in the Society of Fellows at Harvard. I chose the Junior Fellowship. The three ensuing years in the Society (1962 - 65), gave me the time to switch my interests from theory to applied theory, specifically to organic chemistry. It was EJ. Corey who taught me, by example, what was exciting in organic chemistry. I began to look at all kinds of organic transformations, and so I was prepared when in the Spring of 1964 R.B. Woodward asked me some questions about what subsequently came to be called electrocyclic reactions. That last year at Harvard was exciting. I was learning organic chemistry at a great pace, and I had gained access to a superior mind. R.B. Woodward possessed clarity of thought, powers of concentration, encyclopedic knowledge of chemistry, and an aesthetic sense unparalleled in modern chemistry. He taught me, and I have taught others.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The 1962 - 65 period was creative in other ways as well: Our two children, Hillel Jan and Ingrid Helena, were born to Eva and me.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1965 I came to Cornell where I have been ever since. A collegial department, a great university and a lovely community have kept me happy. I am now the John A. Newman Professor of Physical Science. I have received many of the honors of my profession. I am especially proud that in addition to the American Chemical Society's A.C. Cope Award in Organic Chemistry, which I received jointly with R.B. Woodward in 1973, I have just been selected for the Society's Award in Inorganic Chemistry in 1982, the only person to receive these two awards in different subfields of our science.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀栀㐀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀  㰀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀猀 氀椀渀欀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀琀甀渀椀渀最　㘀㌀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀  㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀爀攀最椀漀渀琀攀栀猀渀愀戀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀